To this day, citizens of 42 countries (three of these countries, the USSR,
Czechoslovakia and the GDR no longer exist):
USSR, USA, Czechoslovakia, Poland, GDR, Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, Cuba, Mongolia, Romania,
France, Germany, India, Canada, Saudi Arabia, the Netherlands, Mexico, Syria, Afghanistan,
Japan, Great Britain, Kazakhstan, Austria, Russia, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Ukraine,
Spain, Slovakia, South Africa, Israel, China, Brazil, Sweden, Malaysia,
South Korea, Denmark, UAE, Turkey, Belarus.
The list of cosmonauts of all countries excluding the USSR/Russia and the USA.
USSR Russia
The first manned space flight was performed in the Soviet Union on April 12, 1961.
Yuri Gagarin circled the erth on the spaceship Vostok. Since then, first in the USSR, and then
in Russia, cosmonauts constantly fly into space.
Yuri Gagarin
The first six manned flights were
made on the spaceships Vostok. Then two flights on multi-seater spaceships
Voskhod. In 1963 Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman astronaut.
In 1965, Alexey Leonov made the world's first spacewalk. Since 1968
astronauts fly on the Soyuz spaceships. In the USSR, several manned space station were
launched: Salyut-1, Salyut-3, Salyut-4, Salyut-5, Salyut-6, Salyut-7, Mir.
Russia participates in the project of the International Space Station.
A total of 132 cosmonauts of the USSR and Russia flew in space, among them 6 women.
List of cosmonauts of the USSR/Russia.
Cumulative Time in Space. Cosmonauts of USSR/Russia.
The longest first space flight. Cosmonauts of USSR/Russia.
China
China is the third country that independently manages manned space flights.
By 2022, 12 manned space flights were carried out in China.
20 astronauts flew into space, among them two women. 13 astronauts participated in spacewalk.
China is actively developing a three-stage manned space program.
The first stage is to send the astronaut into space and safely return him to the earth. This stage
was performed in 2003, when Yang Liwei made the first manned flight on
spacecraft Shenzhou-5.
Yang Liwei
The second stage of the manned space program is being carried out, the purpose of which
- spacewalk and docking in orbit, and launching a space laboratory that may be temporarily habitable.
In September 2016, China’s Tiangong-2 space laboratory was launched into orbit.
It is planned that this laboratory will be periodically habitable.
Two astronauts can live in the Tiangong-2 laboratory for 30 days.
Manned and cargo spacecraft can dock to the laboratory.
Liu Yang
The third stage is the launch into orbit of a permanent manned space station.
The space station of China will consist of three parts, weighing more than 60 tons,
and be able to dock two manned ships and one cargo ship.
Six astronauts can stay at the station simultaneously. The station must remain in orbit for ten years.
Astronauts can remain in orbit for more than one year.
Facts of China's Space Manned Program:
- «Shenzhou-1» Launch: 22:30 19 ноября 1999. Landing: 19:41 Nov 20, 1999. The main purpose of the flight is the reliability test
launcher and verification of key technologies associated with the separation of the ship and its separation into modules,
test of heat protection, control and landing.
- «Shenzhou-2» Launch: 01:00 Jan 9, 2001. Landing: 11:22 Jan 16, 2001. «Shenzhou-2» was a first unmanned space ship
- «Shenzhou-3» Launch: 14:00 Mar 25, 2002. Landing: 08:51 Apr 1, 2002. The second unmmanned flight.
- «Shenzhou-4» Launch: 16:40 Dec 29, 2002. Landing: 11:16 Jan 5, 2003. The third unmanned flight.
- «Shenzhou-5» Launch: 01:00 Oct 15, 2003. Landing: 22:23 Oct 15, 2003.
The first manned flight. China becomes the third country to carry out a manned flight. The first Chinese cosmonaut
became Yang Liwei.
- «Shenzhou-6» Launch: 01:00 Oct 12, 2005. Landing: 20:32 Oct 16, 2005.
The second manned space flight of China. Crew: Fei Junlong and
Nie Haisheng.
- «Shenzhou-7» Launch: 13:10 Sep 25, 2008. Landing: 09:38 Sep 28, 2008.
The third manned space flight of China. Crew: Zhai Zhigang,
Liu Boming и Jing Haipeng.
Zhai Zhigang and Liu Boming implemented the first Chinese spacewalk.
- Tiangong-1 station Launch: 13:16 Sep 29, 2011.
- «Shenzhou-8» Launch: 21:58 Oct 31, 2011. Landing: 11:32 Nov 17, 2011. Unmanned flight. The first
docking with the Tiangong-1 station.
- «Shenzhou-9» Launch: 10:37 Jun 16, 2012. Landing: 02:02 ч Jun 29, 2012.
Crew: Jing Haipeng,
Liu Wang and Liu Yang.
Docking with the Tiangong-1 station. Liu Yang is the first female cosmonaut of China.
- «Shenzhou-10»
Launch: 9:38 Jun 11, 2013. Landing: 00:07 Jun 26, 2013. Crew:
Nie Haisheng, Zhang Xiaoguang
и Wang Yaping. Docking with the Tiangong-1 station.
Wang Yaping is the first female cosmonaut of China.
- «Shenzhou-11» Launch: 23:30 Oct 16, 2016. Landing: 05:59 Nov 18, 2016.
Crew: Jing Haipeng,
Chen Dong. Docking with the Tiangong-2 station.
- «Shenzhou-12» Launch: 01:22 Jun 17, 2021. Landing: 05:34 Sep 17, 2021.
Crew: Nie Haisheng,
Liu Boming, Tang Hongbo. Docking with the Tianhe CSS.
- «Shenzhou-13» Launch: 16:23 Oct 15, 2021. Landing: 01:56 Apr 16, 2022.
Crew: Zhai Zhigang,
Wang Yaping, Ye Guangfu. Docking with the Tianhe CSS.
- «Shenzhou-14» Launch: 02:44 Jun 5, 2022. Landing: 12:09 Dec 4, 2022.
Crew: Chen Dong,
Liu Yang, Cai Xuzhe. Docking with the Tianhe CSS.
- «Shenzhou-15» Launch: 15:08 Nov 29, 2022. Landing: 22:33 Jun 3, 2023.
Crew: Fei Junlong,
Deng Qingming, Zhang Lu. Docking with the Tiangong CSS.
- «Shenzhou-16» Launch: 01:31 May 30, 2023. Landing: 00:11 Oct 31, 2023.
Crew: Jing Haipeng,
Zhu Yangzhu, Gui Haichao. Docking with the Tiangong CSS.
- «Shenzhou-17» Launch: 03:14 Oct 26, 2023. Landing: 09:46 Apr 30, 2024.
Crew: Tang Hongbo,
Tang Shengjie, Jiang Xinlin. Docking with the Tiangong CSS.
- «Shenzhou-18» Launch: 03:14 Apr 25, 2024. Landing: ??:?? Oct 30, 2024.
Crew: Ye Guangfu,
Li Cong, Li Guangsu. Docking with the Tiangong CSS.
List of Chinese astronauts..
Cumulative Time in Space. China Astronauts.
The longest first space flight. Astronauts from China.
Mongolia
Judgerdemidiyin Gurragcha
Mongolia has the only astronaut who flew into space according to the program
Intercosmos on the spaceship Soyuz-39.
France
Jean-Loup Chretien
France is actively involved in manned flights. French astronauts flew on board
of the USSR / Russia and the USA spacecrafts.
Jean-Loup Chretien became the first French astronaut,
who made his first space flight in June 1982 on a Soviet spacecraft
Soyuz T-6. Chrétien became the first astronaut from
Western Europe. France became the twelfth country whose citizen made a space flight.
Chrétien's backup for the Soyuz T-6 flight was Patrick Baudry,
who became the second French cosmonaut to make a space flight in June 1985 on
American shuttle Discovery STS-51G.
Beaudry's backup was Chrétien.
France, through the European Space Agency, participates in the International Space
stations. To date, ten French astronauts have flown into space, including one woman - Claudie Andre-Deshay.
Two French astronauts made three space flights.
Jean-Loup Chretien was the first, excluding the cosmonauts of the USSR and the USA, to make two space flights, he
also the first of the French astronauts made the second and third space flights. In December
1988, during his flight at the Mir station, Jean-Loup Chretien was the first, excluding astronauts
USSR and USA, performed spacewalk.
The longest space flight among French astronauts was made by Thomas Pesquet - 199 days 17 hours
44 minutes (4793 h 44 m). After this flight, Pesquet also became the record holder among French astronauts.
according to the total duration of space flights - 396 days 11 hours 34 minutes 25 seconds (9515 hours
34 minutes 25 seconds) – is a record cumulative time for astronauts
not from the USSR/Russia and not from the USA.
A total of ten French astronauts made 19 space flights: 9 of them on spacecraft
Russia (USSR) and 10 on US spacecraft.
There is one woman among the French astronauts: Claudie Andre-Deshay
(Henier), who made two space flights on Russian spacecraft
Soyuz TM-24 and
Soyuz TM-33.
List of french astronauts.
India
Rakesh Sharma
India has the only cosmonaut who flew into space according to the program
Intercosmos on the spaceship Soyuz T-11.
Canada
Marc Garneau
The first Canadian astronauts flew on American shuttles. First astronaut of
Canada Marc Garneau, who flew into space on space
shuttle Challenger STS-41G in 1984. Canada
participates in the project of the International Space Station. By now, in space has flown
eleven Canadian astronauts, among them two women.
List of Canadian Astronauts.
Netherlands
Вуббо Окелс
The Netherlands have two astronauts. The first was
Wubbo Ockels who flew on the Space Shuttle
Challenger STS-61G.
The second cosmonaut of the Netherlands Andre Kuipers twice
flew on the Russian Soyuz.
Syria
Muhammed Faris
Syria has the only astronaut who flew into space according to the program
Intercosmos on the spaceship Soyuz TM-3.
Japan
Toyohiro Akiyama
The first Japanese astronaut is Toihiro Akiyama,
who flew in space on the Russian spaceship Soyuz TM-11.
The following Japanese astronauts flew on the American Space Shuttles, and then again on the Soyuz.
Japan participates in the International Space Station project. By now Japan has fourteen astronauts,
among them two women.
List of astronauts of Japan.
Kazakhstan
Toktar Aubakirov
Kazakhstan has three astronauts who all flew aboard the Soyuz spaceships.
The first cosmonaut in Kazakhstan was Toktar Aubakirov,
who flew on a Soyuz TM-13.
List of cosmonauts of Kazakhstan.
Belgium
Dirk Frimout
Belgium has two astronauts. The first Belgian astronaut is
Dirk Frimout, who made a space flight in
1992 on the Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-45. Second astronaut of
Belgium Frank De Winne flew twice on the Soyuz spacescrafts.
List of astronauts of Belgium.
Italy
Franco Malerba
All Italian astronauts fly on Russian or American spacecrafts.
The first astronaut of Italy is Franco Malerba,
who made his first space flight in July 1992 on the American Space Shuttle
Atlantis STS-46.
Umberto Guidoni became the first Italian astronaut
who made two space flights.
The longest space flight (199 days 16 hours 43 minutes) among Italian astronauts
made the first Italian woman astronaut
Samantha Cristoforetti.
During the stay Paolo Nespoli on the ISS
(from December 17, 2010 to May 23, 2011), on the station on the Space Shuttle
Endeavour STS-134 also flew
Roberto Vittori. From May 18 to May 23, 2011 on
the ISS was the first time two Italian astronauts. The flight on the Endeavour was the third
in Vittori's career, he became the first Italian astronaut to complete three space flights.
Only seven Italian astronauts participated in 11 space missions: 6 of them on
spaceships of Russia and 5 on the American space shuttles.
List of astronauts of Italy.
Slovakia
Ivan Bella
Ivan Bella is the only cosmonaut in Slovakia who flew in space on
Soyuz TM-29
Israel
Ilan Ramon
Ilan Ramon is the first Israeli astronaut who flew in space on the Space
Shuttle Colombia STS-107. Ilan Ramon died in the crash of Columbia.
The second Israeli astronaut was Eytan Stibbe, who made a space flight
at his own expense as part of a private crew on the ship Crew Dragon Endeavor.
Sweden
Christer Fuglesang
Christer Fuglesang is the only astronaut in Sweden who has flown twice into space
on the Space Shuttle Discovery. The first time in 2006 and the second time in 2009.
South Korea
Yi So-yeon
Yi So-yeon the first cosmonaut and at the same time the first woman cosmonaut from
South Korea, which flew into space on the Soyuz TMA-12.
United Arab Emirates
Hazzaa Al Mansouri
The United Arab Emirates has two astronauts. Hazzaa Al Mansouri flew into space on a Russian ship
Soyuz MS-15. The second cosmonaut of the UAE - Sultan Al Neyadi.
Belarus
Marina Vasilevskaya
Marina Vasilevskaya is the first cosmonaut of Belarus.
She made a space flight as part of the crew on the Soyuz MS-25 spacecraft.
USA
The first two US space flights in 1961 were suborbital. John Glenn made first US orbital
flight on February 20, 1962 on the spaceship Friendship 7.
John Glenn
The first program of manned space flight in the US - Mercury was carried out
from 1961 to 1963. According to the Mercury program, six manned flights were made, of which
two suborbital. In 1965 and 1966 in the United States were launched ten two-seater Gemini spaceships.
At the same time, the Apollo program was developed in the United States, which ended
with landing of American astronauts on the moon. There were eleven manned flights in total on
the Apollo program, there are three of them with an exit onto the orbit of the moon and six with a landing on the moon.
Only 12 American astronauts visited the moon.
In 1973 and 1974, Americans exploited Skylab space station. The station was visited by three long-term
expeditions to each three astronauts.
At the same time, was launched a program of the reusable manned spacecraft Space Shuttle. The first flight of the shuttle was
done in 1981. From 1981 to 2011, 130 shuttle flights were carried out. Two shuttles
Challenger and Colombia crashed, killing 14 astronauts.
The United States participates in the International Space Station project. After closing the program
of the Space Shuttle, American astronauts fly to the ISS in the Russian Soyuz.
Since 2020, SpaceX's Crew Dragon commercial spacecraft have begun flying. In 2024, Boeing's Starliner spacecraft
made its first manned flight.
A total of 362 US astronauts have been in space, among them - 57 women.
List of astronauts of USA.
Cumulative Time in Space. Astronauts of USA.
The longest first space flight. Astronauts of USA.
Czechoslovakia
Vladimir Remek
Czechoslovakia has the only cosmonaut who flew into space according to the program
Intercosmos on the spacecraft Soyuz-28.
Poland
Miroslav Hermaszewski
Poland has the only cosmonaut who flew into space according to the program
Intercosmos on the spacecraft Soyuz-30.
GDR
Sigmund Jaehn
GDR has the only cosmonaut who flew into space according to the program
Intercosmos on the spacecraft Soyuz-31.
List of German astronauts.
Bulgaria
Georgy Ivanov
The first Bulgarian cosmonaut Georgy Ivanov went into space on April 10, 1979 on
Soyuz-33. The spacecraft did not come out
to the calculated orbit. The planned docking with the Salyut-6 station did not take place.
In compensation for the unsuccessful flight of the first cosmonaut, Bulgaria received a second cosmonaut.
Alexander Alexandrov flew into space in 1988.
The flight of the second Bulgarian cosmonaut went quite well. Docked
with Mir station and the flight program is fully implemented.
List of Bulgarian cosmonauts.
Hungary
Bertalan Farkash
Hungary has the only cosmonaut who flew into space according to the program
Intercosmos on the spacecraft Soyuz-36.
Vietnam
Pham Tuan
Vietnam has the only cosmonaut who flew into space according to the program
Intercosmos on the spacecraft Soyuz-37.
Cuba
Arnaldo Tamayo Mendez
Cuba has the only cosmonaut who flew into space according to the program
Intercosmos on the spacecraft Soyuz-38.
Romania
Dumitru Prunariu
Romania has the only cosmonaut who flew into space according to the program
Intercosmos on the spacecraft Soyuz-40.
Germany
Ulf Merbold
The first German cosmonaut was Sigmund Jaehn from the GDR, who flew into space on the Soviet
spacecraft Soyuz in 1978. The first cosmonaut of West Germany became
Ulf Merbold who flew into space on the Space Shuttle
Columbia STS-9 in 1983. Later (in 1994)
Merbold also flew on the Russian spaceshif Soyuz TM-20.
Germany is actively involved in manned flights. German astronauts flew
as on the spaceships of the USSR/Russia and the United States.
Germany, through the European Space Agency,
participates in the project of the International Space Station. By now into space
flew twelve German astronauts. Ulf Merbold made three space flights.
German cosmonauts participated in German cosmonauts participated in thirteen space flights, seven of them on Soviet
(Russian) ships and six on American shuttles.
List of astronauts of Germany
Saudi Arabia
Salman Al-Saud
Saudi Arabia's first astronaut was Salman Al-Saud, who flew into space on a shuttle
Discovery STS-51G in 1985.
List of astronauts of Saudi Arabia
Mexico
Rodolfo Neri Vela
Mexico has the only cosmonaut who flew into space on Space Shuttle
Atlantis STS-61B.
Afghanistan
Abdul Mohmand
Afghanistan has the only cosmonaut who flew into space on the spacecraft Soyuz TM-6.
Great Britain
Helen Sharman
The Great Britain has two cosmonauts. The first was
Helen Sharman who did
flight aboard the Russian spacecraft Soyuz TM-12 . The second cosmonaut of the Great Britain was
Timothy Peak, who also flew on the Russian spacecraft
Soyuz TMA-19M and spent a half of year
in the crew of the ISS.
Austria
Franz Viehboeck
Austria has the only cosmonaut who flew into space on the spacecraft Soyuz TM-13.
Switzerland
Claude Nicollier
Claude Nicollier is the only astronaut of the Switzerland,
which, however, flew four times into space on the American Space shuttles.
He made his first flight in 1992 on the Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-46.
Ukraine
Leonid Kadenyuk
Ukraine has the only astronaut who flew into space on the Space Shuttle
Columbia STS-87.
Spain
Pedro Duque
The single Spanish astronaut Pedro Duque twice
flew into space. First time on the Space Shuttle STS-95 Discovery,
and the second time on Soyuz TMA-3.
South Africa
Mark Shuttleworth
Mark Shuttleworth is the only astronaut and
at the same time a space tourist from South Africa who flew into space on Soyuz TM-34.
Brazil
Marcos Pontes
Marcos Pontes is the only astronaut from Brazil who flew
into space onSoyuz ТМА-8.
Malaysia
Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor
Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor is the only astronaut from Malaysia who flew
into space on Soyuz ТМА-11.
Denmark
Andreas Mogensen
Andreas Mogensen is the only cosmonaut from
Denmark, who flew in space on Soyuz TMA-18M.
Turkey
Alper Gezeravci
Alper Gezeravci - the first Turkish astronaut. He made a spaceflight
as part of a private crew on SpaceX's Crew Dragon Freedom. Flight Ax-3
organized by Axiom Space. Türkiye has become the 41st country to have its own astronaut.
