Menschen im Weltraum. Länder. Humans in space. Countries. Человек в космосе. Страны.
To this day, citizens of 42 countries (three of these countries, the USSR, Czechoslovakia and the GDR no longer exist): USSR, USA, Czechoslovakia, Poland, GDR, Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, Cuba, Mongolia, Romania, France, Germany, India, Canada, Saudi Arabia, the Netherlands, Mexico, Syria, Afghanistan, Japan, Great Britain, Kazakhstan, Austria, Russia, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Ukraine, Spain, Slovakia, South Africa, Israel, China, Brazil, Sweden, Malaysia, South Korea, Denmark, UAE, Turkey, Belarus.
The list of cosmonauts of all countries excluding the USSR/Russia and the USA.

USSR Russia

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The first manned space flight was performed in the Soviet Union on April 12, 1961. Yuri Gagarin circled the erth on the spaceship Vostok. Since then, first in the USSR, and then in Russia, cosmonauts constantly fly into space.

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Yuri Gagarin

The first six manned flights were made on the spaceships Vostok. Then two flights on multi-seater spaceships Voskhod. In 1963 Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman astronaut. In 1965, Alexey Leonov made the world's first spacewalk. Since 1968 astronauts fly on the Soyuz spaceships. In the USSR, several manned space station were launched: Salyut-1, Salyut-3, Salyut-4, Salyut-5, Salyut-6, Salyut-7, Mir. Russia participates in the project of the International Space Station. A total of 134 cosmonauts of the USSR and Russia flew in space, among them 6 women. List of cosmonauts of the USSR/Russia. Cumulative Time in Space. Cosmonauts of USSR/Russia. The longest first space flight. Cosmonauts of USSR/Russia.

China

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China is the third country that independently manages manned space flights. By 2022, 12 manned space flights were carried out in China. 20 astronauts flew into space, among them two women. 13 astronauts participated in spacewalk.
China is actively developing a three-stage manned space program. The first stage is to send the astronaut into space and safely return him to the earth. This stage was performed in 2003, when Yang Liwei made the first manned flight on spacecraft Shenzhou-5.

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Yang Liwei

The second stage of the manned space program is being carried out, the purpose of which - spacewalk and docking in orbit, and launching a space laboratory that may be temporarily habitable. In September 2016, China’s Tiangong-2 space laboratory was launched into orbit. It is planned that this laboratory will be periodically habitable. Two astronauts can live in the Tiangong-2 laboratory for 30 days. Manned and cargo spacecraft can dock to the laboratory.

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Liu Yang

The third stage is the launch into orbit of a permanent manned space station. The space station of China will consist of three parts, weighing more than 60 tons, and be able to dock two manned ships and one cargo ship. Six astronauts can stay at the station simultaneously. The station must remain in orbit for ten years. Astronauts can remain in orbit for more than one year.
Facts of China's Space Manned Program: List of Chinese astronauts.. Cumulative Time in Space. China Astronauts. The longest first space flight. Astronauts from China.

Mongolia

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Judgerdemidiyin Gurragcha

Mongolia has the only astronaut who flew into space according to the program Intercosmos on the spaceship Soyuz-39.

Netherlands

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Вуббо Окелс

The Netherlands have two astronauts. The first was Wubbo Ockels who flew on the Space Shuttle Challenger STS-61G. The second cosmonaut of the Netherlands Andre Kuipers twice flew on the Russian Soyuz.

Syria

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Muhammed Faris

Syria has the only astronaut who flew into space according to the program Intercosmos on the spaceship Soyuz TM-3.

Israel

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Ilan Ramon

Ilan Ramon is the first Israeli astronaut who flew in space on the Space Shuttle Colombia STS-107. Ilan Ramon died in the crash of Columbia. The second Israeli astronaut was Eytan Stibbe, who made a space flight at his own expense as part of a private crew on the ship Crew Dragon Endeavor.

Sweden

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Christer Fuglesang

Christer Fuglesang is the first Swedish astronaut to fly into space twice on the shuttle Discovery. The first time in 2006 and the second time in 2009. The second Swedish astronaut was Marcus Wandt, who flew as part of the commercial crew Ax-3.

South Korea

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Yi So-yeon

Yi So-yeon the first cosmonaut and at the same time the first woman cosmonaut from South Korea, which flew into space on the Soyuz TMA-12.

Belarus

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Marina Vasilevskaya

Marina Vasilevskaya is the first cosmonaut of Belarus. She made a space flight as part of the crew on the Soyuz MS-25 spacecraft.

USA

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The first two US space flights in 1961 were suborbital. John Glenn made first US orbital flight on February 20, 1962 on the spaceship Friendship 7.

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John Glenn

The first program of manned space flight in the US - Mercury was carried out from 1961 to 1963. According to the Mercury program, six manned flights were made, of which two suborbital. In 1965 and 1966 in the United States were launched ten two-seater Gemini spaceships.
At the same time, the Apollo program was developed in the United States, which ended with landing of American astronauts on the moon. There were eleven manned flights in total on the Apollo program, there are three of them with an exit onto the orbit of the moon and six with a landing on the moon. Only 12 American astronauts visited the moon.
In 1973 and 1974, Americans exploited Skylab space station. The station was visited by three long-term expeditions to each three astronauts.
At the same time, was launched a program of the reusable manned spacecraft Space Shuttle. The first flight of the shuttle was done in 1981. From 1981 to 2011, 130 shuttle flights were carried out. Two shuttles Challenger and Colombia crashed, killing 14 astronauts.
The United States participates in the International Space Station project. After closing the program of the Space Shuttle, American astronauts fly to the ISS in the Russian Soyuz. Since 2020, SpaceX's Crew Dragon commercial spacecraft have begun flying. In 2024, Boeing's Starliner spacecraft made its first manned flight.
A total of 367 US astronauts have been in space, among them - 60 women.
List of astronauts of USA. Cumulative Time in Space. Astronauts of USA. The longest first space flight. Astronauts of USA.

Czechoslovakia

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Vladimir Remek

Czechoslovakia has the only cosmonaut who flew into space according to the program Intercosmos on the spacecraft Soyuz-28.

Vietnam

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Pham Tuan

Vietnam has the only cosmonaut who flew into space according to the program Intercosmos on the spacecraft Soyuz-37.

Cuba

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Arnaldo Tamayo Mendez

Cuba has the only cosmonaut who flew into space according to the program Intercosmos on the spacecraft Soyuz-38.

Romania

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Dumitru Prunariu

Romania has the only cosmonaut who flew into space according to the program Intercosmos on the spacecraft Soyuz-40.

Mexico

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Rodolfo Neri Vela

Mexico has the only cosmonaut who flew into space on Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-61B.

Afghanistan

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Abdul Mohmand

Afghanistan has the only cosmonaut who flew into space on the spacecraft Soyuz TM-6.

Great Britain

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Helen Sharman

The Great Britain has two cosmonauts. The first was Helen Sharman who did flight aboard the Russian spacecraft Soyuz TM-12 . The second cosmonaut of the Great Britain was Timothy Peak, who also flew on the Russian spacecraft Soyuz TMA-19M and spent a half of year in the crew of the ISS.

Austria

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Franz Viehboeck

Austria has the only cosmonaut who flew into space on the spacecraft Soyuz TM-13.

Switzerland

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Claude Nicollier

Claude Nicollier is the only astronaut of the Switzerland, which, however, flew four times into space on the American Space shuttles. He made his first flight in 1992 on the Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-46.

Ukraine

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Leonid Kadenyuk

Ukraine has the only astronaut who flew into space on the Space Shuttle Columbia STS-87.

South Africa

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Mark Shuttleworth

Mark Shuttleworth is the only astronaut and at the same time a space tourist from South Africa who flew into space on Soyuz TM-34.

Denmark

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Andreas Mogensen

Andreas Mogensen is the only Danish astronaut who has flown into space twice. The first time on the Soyuz TMA-18M in 2015 and the second time in 2023 on the Crew Dragon.

Turkey

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Alper Gezeravci

Alper Gezeravci - the first Turkish astronaut. He made a spaceflight as part of a private crew on SpaceX's Crew Dragon Freedom. Flight Ax-3 organized by Axiom Space. Türkiye has become the 41st country to have its own astronaut.